Which statement best reflects nonmaleficence?

• A. Avoidance of harm or hurt.
• B. Doing good for others.
• C. Respecting patient autonomy.
• D. Promoting open discussion after errors.

Answer: (A)

Nonmaleficence is the obligation to avoid causing harm to patients; it’s the principle behind the idea of “do no harm.” In practice, this means being careful with actions and interventions, weighing risks and benefits, and taking steps to prevent harm before it occurs. The statement that best reflects this is the avoidance of harm or hurt, because it directly embodies the duty to protect patients from injury or unnecessary suffering. While doing good for others describes beneficence, respecting patient autonomy concerns honoring a patient’s right to make their own choices, and promoting open discussion after errors relates to transparency and safety culture, these are separate ethical commitments.