Resolving an ethical dilemma differs from the nursing process in that it requires

• A. Negotiation of differences of opinion
• B. Strict adherence to fixed procedures
• C. Sole reliance on clinical data
• D. Immediate physician command

Answer: (A)

Negotiation of differences of opinion is required because ethical decisions hinge on values, duties, and the perspectives of all involved—patients, families, and health professionals. Resolving an ethical dilemma is about reaching a morally acceptable course through discussion, compromise, and consensus, often with input from an ethics team when needed. This contrasts with the nursing process, which is a structured, step-by-step approach focused on clinical data and standardized procedures (assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation) to provide patient care.

The other options don’t fit as well because strict adherence to fixed procedures emphasizes rigidity rather than values-based deliberation; relying solely on clinical data ignores patient preferences and moral considerations; and demanding immediate physician command undermines collaborative decision-making and patient autonomy.